NCTF 135 HA Near East Horsley, Surrey

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Location and Geography

NCTF 135 HA is a _Protected Area_, specifically a _Site of Special Scientific Interest_ and a _Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty_. It is located near East Horsley, a small village in the county of Surrey in the South East of England.

The coordinates for NCTF 135 HA are: _52.033333° N latitude_ and _-0.416667° W longitude_. These coordinates pinpoint the location to a specific spot, allowing users to identify the exact area within the protected site.

To provide more context about the geography of NCTF 135 HA, it is situated near the _North Downs_, a range of hills that stretches across southern England. The North Downs are part of the larger _Chiltern Hills_ area, which is also an _Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty_.

The landscape in this region is characterized by rolling hills, woodlands, and areas of heathland. NCTF 135 HA itself covers a relatively small area, approximately 1.5 square kilometers, and features a variety of habitats including woodland, grassland, and wetlands.

The terrain in the vicinity of East Horsley is generally undulating, with some higher points giving way to more gently sloping valleys. The area is also dotted with ancient woodlands, many of which date back to before the last Ice Age.

Climate-wise, NCTF 135 HA falls within a temperate maritime climate zone, characterized by mild winters and cool summers. The region experiences rainfall throughout the year, although some variation occurs between different months and seasons.

The area around East Horsley is also home to several smaller _water bodies_, including ponds, streams, and rivers. These water features are an important component of the local ecosystem, providing habitat for a range of wildlife species.

NCTF 135 HA is also notable for its rich geological history. The area has been shaped by tectonic activity, glaciation, and erosion over millions of years. The underlying geology includes various layers of rock, including _Chalk_, _Limestone_, and _Sandstone_.

The NCTF 135 HA is situated approximately at 51.3697° N latitude and 0.4206° W longitude, a location that provides valuable insights into its geography and surrounding environment.

At this specific latitude, the area experiences a temperate maritime climate, characterized by mild winters and cool summers, which significantly influences local vegetation and wildlife patterns.

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The proximity to the North Sea, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) east of the English Channel, has shaped the geography and ecosystem of East Horsley. The constant influx of sea air contributes to the region’s mild climate and fosters lush vegetation.

East Horsley is situated in the county of Surrey, a predominantly urbanized region with areas of extensive countryside. The NCTF 135 HA site lies near the village of East Horsley, a rural community nestled within the North Downs, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) known for its rolling hills and woodlands.

Geologically, the area is characterized by chalk downs and grasslands, which have been formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms that date back to the Cretaceous period. The presence of these chalk formations has influenced the region’s soil quality and supports a diverse range of flora and fauna.

The local topography, with its gentle slopes and valleys, provides an ideal environment for the development of aquatic ecosystems. The nearby River Mole and its tributaries contribute to the site’s hydrology, supporting a variety of wetland species and habitats.

The NCTF 135 HA is situated within the larger ecosystem of East Horsley, which encompasses various habitats such as woodlands, grasslands, and agricultural land. The region’s diverse geography has created a rich environment that supports an array of plant and animal species.

Climate change projections indicate that the area may experience increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, which could lead to changes in local ecosystems and biodiversity. Understanding the specific location and geography of the NCTF 135 HA is essential for assessing its vulnerability to climate change and developing effective conservation strategies.

The area surrounding National Cycle Track Facility 135 HA (NCTF 135 HA) near East Horsley, Surrey, offers a diverse geography that plays a crucial role in its location and accessibility within the Greater London area.

1. NCTF 135 HA is situated approximately 12 miles south of Central London, making it an ideal location for cyclists and walkers who wish to explore the surrounding countryside without being too far from urban amenities.
2. The facility is nestled in a valley near the River Mole, which provides a natural source of water and offers scenic views for those who visit the area.

One of the key transportation hubs located near NCTF 135 HA is East Horsley railway station, which connects London to Gatwick Airport and other parts of Surrey. The station also offers regular services to London Waterloo, making it an important stopover for commuters.

1. The M25 motorway, one of the UK’s major orbital routes, runs nearby, providing easy access to Central London and other key destinations in the south-east of England.
2. Further afield, NCTF 135 HA is also close to several major airports, including Gatwick Airport, Heathrow Airport, and London Stansted Airport, making it an attractive location for those who need to travel frequently by air.

The area’s proximity to these transportation hubs makes it an ideal location for businesses and residents who require easy access to urban amenities while also wanting to be close to the countryside. The NCTF 135 HA facility itself is likely designed to accommodate a range of activities, including cycling, walking, and horse riding.

1. The facility’s location near the River Mole also offers opportunities for water-based activities, such as fishing and canoeing, which are popular with local residents and visitors alike.
2. The surrounding countryside is characterized by rolling hills and woodlands, making it an ideal destination for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts.

In terms of geography, the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA is part of the North Downs, a range of hills that stretch from the Thames Estuary in the south to the North Sea in the north. The North Downs are known for their scenic beauty and offer a range of outdoor activities, including cycling, walking, and horse riding.

1. The North Downs are also home to a number of historic sites, including the remains of ancient settlements and archaeological sites that date back to the Bronze Age.
2. Further afield, the area surrounding NCTF 135 HA is part of the larger Greater London urban area, which encompasses a vast network of roads, railways, and public transportation links that connect the city to its surroundings.

Overall, the location and geography of NCTF 135 HA near East Horsley, Surrey, make it an attractive destination for those who want to be close to urban amenities while also enjoying easy access to the countryside. The area’s proximity to major transportation hubs and its natural beauty make it an ideal location for a range of activities and uses.

The NCTF 135 HA site, located near East Horsley in Surrey, falls within a specific geographic area that has distinct features and characteristics.

East Horsley is a village situated in the county of Surrey, approximately 8 miles southwest of Guildford and 25 miles northwest of London.

The village of East Horsley is nestled in the North Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, which is known for its rolling hills, woodlands, and scenic valleys.

Geographically, East Horsley is situated near the border with Hampshire to the south, with the River Mole flowing nearby.

The site of NCTF 135 HA is close to the North Downs Way National Trail, a long-distance footpath that stretches from Farnham in Surrey to Dover in Kent, and passes through the heart of East Horsley.

The local area is characterized by its mix of open countryside, woodlands, and rural settlements, with many areas of high environmental value protected for their natural beauty and biodiversity.

Surrey Heath District Council is the nearest local authority to the NCTF 135 HA site, responsible for providing a range of services including planning, waste management, and environmental protection.

The council’s headquarters are located in Blackwater, Surrey, which lies approximately 2 miles northwest of East Horsley village.

Surrey Heath District Council covers an area of approximately 120 square miles, stretching from the North Downs to the Surrey Hills and encompassing many of the county’s most rural areas, including East Horsley and its surrounding countryside.

The council provides a range of services to support local residents, businesses, and communities, including planning enforcement, waste collection, and environmental management.

As part of its role in protecting and promoting the natural environment, Surrey Heath District Council works closely with other agencies and organizations to conserve and enhance the county’s green spaces, including those near East Horsley and the NCTF 135 HA site.

Geological Features

The Geological Features in and around the NCTF 135 HA near East Horsley, Surrey are characterized by a diverse range of geology, reflecting the region’s complex tectonic history.

The area is underlain by **Triassic** sediments, including sandstones and conglomerates of the **Weald Basin Group**, which dates back to around 250-200 million years ago. These rocks are formed from coarse-grained clastic sediments that were deposited in a fluvial environment.

To the north of East Horsley lies the area of the **Grenville Orogen**, a region of ancient metamorphic and igneous rocks that formed during the *_Caledonian_* orogeny, approximately 480-250 million years ago. This orogeny was caused by the collision between the continents of Laurentia and Gondwana.

The surrounding hills are composed of **Jurassic** limestone, which is visible in the landscape as a series of gentle slopes and valleys. This rock type, known as *_Lias_*, dates back to around 200-145 million years ago and was deposited in shallow marine environments.

Further south of East Horsley lies the area of **Chert Hill**, which is composed of a thick sequence of *_Jurassic_* cherts, formed from the precipitation of calcium sulfate in ancient seas. This rock type dates back to around 200-145 million years ago and has played an important role in shaping the local landscape through its resistance to weathering.

In the vicinity of East Horsley, there are also areas of *_Oolitic Limestone_*, which forms a distinctive series of rounded hills known as the **Chobham Downs**. This rock type dates back to around 200-145 million years ago and is characterized by its high calcium carbonate content.

The area’s geology has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, including *_Continental Collision_* events that have led to the formation of mountains, valleys, and other geological features. The local landscape has also been influenced by erosion and weathering processes, which have worn away softer rock types and left behind more resistant ones.

The region’s diverse geology provides a range of habitats for various plant and animal species, including rare and endangered ones. This diversity highlights the importance of preserving natural areas like the NCTF 135 HA near East Horsley, Surrey for future generations to enjoy.

The region around the NCTF 135 HA site near East Horsley, Surrey has been shaped by a complex geological history, with numerous glacial deposits left behind from the last ice age.

The last ice age, also known as the Pleistocene glaciation, ended approximately 10,000 years ago and had a profound impact on the British Isles, including this region. The advancing and retreating ice sheets carved out vast areas of the landscape, creating a variety of unique geological features.

Glacial Erratics: One of the most striking features in this region is the presence of glacial erratics, which are large rocks that have been transported by ice and deposited far from their original source. These erratics can provide valuable information about the movement of the ice sheets and the geological history of the area.

Gestalt Landform: The NCTF 135 HA site is situated within a gestalt landform, which is a type of landscape feature that has been shaped by glacial erosion. This gestalt landform is characterized by its unique combination of hills, valleys, and ridges, all of which have been sculpted by the ice.

Glacial Deposits: The region around East Horsley, Surrey is underlain by a variety of glacial deposits, including till, drumlins, and kettle lakes. These deposits are made up of a mixture of rock and soil that has been transported and deposited by the ice sheets.

Till Deposits: The till deposits in this region are composed of a mixture of rock and soil that was carried by the ice sheets. These deposits can provide valuable information about the movement of the ice sheets and the geological history of the area.

Drumlins): Drumlins are elongated, teardrop-shaped hills that are characteristic of glacial landscapes. They are formed when ice sheets push against a slope, causing it to rotate and form a drumlin.

Kettle Lakes: Kettle lakes are small lakes that form when blocks of ice become trapped in depressions left behind by the retreating ice sheet. These lakes can provide valuable information about the geological history of the area.

These glacial deposits and features are a testament to the powerful forces of glaciation that have shaped this region over millions of years. By studying these geological features, we can gain a better understanding of the complex geological history of the area and the impact of ice sheets on the landscape.

The geological features at the NCTF 135 HA site near East Horsley, Surrey, provide valuable insights into the tectonic and sedimentary history of the region during the Mesozoic Era.

Dates from this period, spanning from around 252 to 66 million years ago, reveal a complex sequence of geological events that have shaped the underlying rock formations in the area.

The primary focus of interest at the NCTF 135 HA site is the in situ sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that date back to the Triassic and Jurassic periods.

During this time, the region underwent significant tectonic activity, including rifting and faulting, which led to the formation of several large igneous provinces and volcanic fields.

The most notable feature at the site is a sequence of layered rocks, known as the “Chalk Group”, which consists of a series of limestone and sandstone units deposited during the Early Cretaceous period.

These sediments were formed in a shallow marine environment, likely in a coastal setting, and provide valuable information about the depositional conditions and tectonic history of the region at that time.

The rocks exposed at the site are predominantly of chalky limestone composition, with minor interbeds of sandstone and clay.

Analysis of these sedimentary rocks has revealed a range of geochemical signatures, including high levels of calcium carbonate and low levels of magnesium, which indicate a marine environment dominated by the influx of calcium-rich waters.

In addition to the sedimentary rocks, there are also several metamorphic units exposed at the site, including schist, gneiss, and quartzite.

These metamorphic rocks date back to a later phase of the Mesozoic Era, during which the region underwent significant mountain-building activity, likely as a result of the closure of the North Atlantic Ocean.

The most notable metamorphic feature at the site is a series of gneiss units that have undergone high-pressure and high-temperature metamorphism, resulting in the formation of complex banding patterns and foliation structures.

Analysis of these metamorphic rocks has revealed a range of geochemical signatures, including high levels of quartz and feldspar, which indicate a tectonically driven process that involved the collision of ancient crustal units.

The study of the geological features at the NCTF 135 HA site provides valuable insights into the complex history of the region during the Mesozoic Era, and has implications for our understanding of the geological evolution of the British Isles as a whole.

The geological feature most visible at NCTF 135 HA near East Horsley, Surrey, is a prominent example of cross-bedding in a sand and gravel deposit.

Cross-bedding is a type of stratification that forms when wind or water transports sediment, such as sand or silt, and deposits it in a new location. The deposited sediment then undergoes compaction and cementation, resulting in a layered structure with beds of varying orientation to the horizontal plane.

In this specific area, the cross-bedding is visible in the form of prominent ridge-and-valley relief, where thick sand layers have been eroded into sharp ridges and valleys. These features provide valuable information about the geological history of the area and can be used to reconstruct past environmental conditions.

Another notable feature at NCTF 135 HA is the presence of scour pools, which are depressions in the rock surface that form when a current or wind erodes the underlying sediment. Scour pools provide evidence of past hydrodynamic activity and can be used to date the geological deposits.

The stratification visible through rock formations at NCTF 135 HA also includes features such as ripples, dunes, and load casts, which provide insights into the paleoenvironmental conditions at the time of deposition. For example, the presence of ripple marks suggests that the sediment was deposited in a calm or low-energy environment, while the presence of dune forms indicates a more dynamic and erosional process.

Furthermore, the rock formations at NCTF 135 HA contain fossils such as plants and animals, which provide valuable information about the paleoecology and biota of the area. The presence of certain types of fossils can also be used to date the geological deposits and reconstruct past environmental conditions.

A detailed analysis of the stratification visible through rock formations at NCTF 135 HA has revealed several key features that provide insights into the geological history of the area:

1. Cross-bedding: The presence of prominent cross-beds suggests that the sediment was deposited in a dynamic and erosional environment, such as a desert or coastal area.
2. Scour pools: The scour pools provide evidence of past hydrodynamic activity and can be used to date the geological deposits. The size and shape of the scour pools also indicate the strength and energy of the current or wind that formed them.
3. Ripple marks: The presence of ripple marks suggests that the sediment was deposited in a calm or low-energy environment, such as a lake or river.
4. Dune forms: The presence of dune forms indicates a more dynamic and erosional process, such as sand dunes forming in a desert or coastal area.
5. Fossils: The presence of certain types of fossils can be used to date the geological deposits and reconstruct past environmental conditions. For example, the presence of plant remains suggests that the sediment was deposited in a wetland or floodplain environment.

Ecological Significance

The NCTF 135 HA near East Horsley, Surrey, is a habitat of significant ecological importance.

This area is classified as a High Agricultural Area (HA) due to its agricultural land use, but it still retains various habitats that are crucial for wildlife and ecosystems.

One of the key features of this site is the presence of hedgerows, which provide essential habitat for many species, including insects, birds, and small mammals.

The hedgerows in this area are composed of native species such as blackthorn, hawthorn, and elder, which offer food, shelter, and breeding grounds for a variety of wildlife.

Wildlife habitats within NCTF 135 HA include the surrounding woodland, which is home to a range of tree species, including oak, ash, and beech, providing shelter and nesting sites for birds and insects.

The site also features grassland areas, which support a variety of wildflowers, including orchids, buttercups, and knapweed, that are essential for pollinators such as bees and butterflies.

Wetlands within the site provide habitats for aquatic species, including dragonflies, damselflies, and water voles, which rely on the area’s ponds, lakes, and streams for breeding and feeding.

The NCTF 135 HA is also an important stopover point for migratory birds, with many species using the area’s habitat to rest and refuel during their journeys.

The site’s varied habitats support a diverse range of plant species, including native grasses, sedges, and wildflowers, which contribute to its ecological significance.

In addition, the hedgerows in this area are an important corridor for wildlife, providing connectivity between surrounding habitats and allowing species to move freely throughout the site.

The NCTF 135 HA near East Horsley, Surrey, plays a crucial role in maintaining the local ecosystem’s balance and biodiversity, and its conservation is essential for protecting this unique and valuable habitat.

The woodland edge is a region of transition between the forest and the surrounding landscape, characterized by a diverse array of plant species that have adapted to the changing conditions.

• A variety of tree species can be found in this area, including deciduous trees such as oak (Quercus robur), hazel (Corylus avellana), and birch (Betula pendula), which provide shelter and food for a range of wildlife.
• Shrubs such as dog rose (Rosa canina) and hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) are also typical of woodland edges, providing habitat for small mammals and birds.
• Wildflowers such as bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), primroses (Primula vulgaris), and wood anemones (Anemone nemorosa) add color and vibrancy to the landscape, while also providing a source of nectar for pollinators.
• Grasses such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and red fescue (Festuca rubra) are common in woodland edges, helping to stabilize the soil and provide habitat for small mammals and insects.

The presence of these plant species creates a complex web of ecological relationships, with each species playing a vital role in the survival and success of others.

The woodland edge also provides important ecosystem services, including:

1. Soil stabilization: The roots of trees and shrubs help to hold the soil in place, reducing erosion and landslides.
2. Water filtration: Plants such as wildflowers and grasses help to filter water runoff, improving water quality and preventing pollution.
3. Habitat creation: The woodland edge provides habitat for a wide range of wildlife, from small mammals and birds to insects and microorganisms.

The NCTF 135 HA site near East Horsley, Surrey is no exception, with its woodland edge providing a unique opportunity to study the ecological significance of this transitional zone.

The presence of species such as oak, hazel, and birch indicates that the area has been subject to periodic flooding, with these trees able to tolerate saturated soils.

The abundance of wildflowers and grasses suggests that the area receives high levels of rainfall and has a relatively long growing season, allowing for a diverse range of plant species to coexist.

The woodland edge is also an important nursery area for many tree and shrub species, with seedlings able to grow and develop in the sheltered conditions provided by the mature trees and shrubs.

The Ecological Significance of a site such as NCTF 135 HA near East Horsley, Surrey, lies in its provision for important nesting sites for migratory birds.

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These sites are typically characterized by specific features that provide the necessary shelter, food, and breeding conditions for species such as swallows and house martins to successfully nest and raise their young.

NCTF 135 HA is likely to possess characteristics such as rough ground, scrubland, or other habitat features that attract these species during their migratory periods.

Swallows are known to nest in colonies on the ground, often using abandoned burrows or scrapes, while house martins typically nest in tree holes or rock crevices.

The presence of trees, particularly those with suitable hole morphology and size, is crucial for accommodating the needs of these species during their breeding season.

Other important nesting sites include areas with dense vegetation, which provide cover for both adult birds and young, as well as features such as mud puddles or damp ground, which are necessary for the construction and maintenance of nests.

The site’s proximity to water sources, particularly rivers or streams, also supports the migratory patterns of these species by providing essential stopover points and feeding grounds.

East Horsley’s unique topography, with its mix of grasslands and woodland, makes it an ideal location for a site such as NCTF 135 HA to support the ecological significance of migratory birds like swallows and house martins.

The presence of these species on such a site is not only crucial for their survival but also plays a significant role in maintaining ecosystem health, pollination, and seed dispersal, ultimately contributing to the overall biodiversity of the area.

As such, sites with characteristics that support nesting and breeding activities of migratory birds like swallows and house martins are considered ecologically significant, as they provide essential habitat features necessary for these species to thrive and continue their life cycles.

Additionally, these sites can also serve as vital corridors for other bird species, facilitating migration and dispersal between different habitats and enhancing overall connectivity within the ecosystem.

The conservation of such sites is thus paramount in maintaining the ecological balance and supporting the long-term health of local ecosystems, particularly those that provide essential habitat features for migratory birds like swallows and house martins.

The NCTF 135 HA near East Horsley, Surrey, is a site with great ecological significance due to its unique combination of geological features and wildlife habitats.

One of the primary reasons for this ecological significance is the presence of the River Mole, which runs through the site. The river supports a wide variety of plant and animal species, including salmon, otters, and kingfishers.

The surrounding countryside is characterized by chalk grassland, which is a rare and threatened habitat in the UK. This type of landscape provides a unique home for species such as the nightjar, woodlark, and Dartford warbler.

The site’s geological history also plays a crucial role in its ecological significance. The chalk cliffs that surround the area have been shaped by millions of years of erosion, creating a diverse range of habitats for plants and animals to live in.

The chalk grassland is home to a wide variety of plant species, including orchids, gentians, and knapweed. These plants provide a vital source of food and shelter for many types of wildlife.

Some of the specific geological features that support this ecological significance include:

• The chalk cliffs, which provide a unique habitat for plants such as chalk-faced pugwort and knapweed
• The valley floors, which are home to a wide variety of plant species and provide a vital source of food and shelter for many types of wildlife
• The riverside areas, which support a diverse range of aquatic life including salmon, otters, and kingfishers
• The dry grassland areas, which are home to species such as the nightjar, woodlark, and Dartford warbler

The wildlife habitats in this area can be further divided into several categories:

1. Aquatic life: The River Mole and its surrounding riverside areas support a diverse range of aquatic life including salmon, otters, kingfishers, and fish.
2. Terrestrial life: The chalk grassland and dry grassland areas are home to many species of plants and animals, including the nightjar, woodlark, Dartford warbler, and hedgehog.
3. Wildlife corridors: The site’s wildlife habitats are connected by a network of wildlife corridors, which allow animals to move freely through the area and maintain healthy populations.

The ecological significance of this site is further enhanced by its location near East Horsley, Surrey. This area has been identified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) due to its unique combination of geological features and wildlife habitats.

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